"The Validity of the Monocentric City Model in a Polycentric Age"

US Metropolitan Areas in 1990, 2000 and 2010

[Dani Arribas-Bel & Fernando Sanz-Gracia]

Results and code

Below you can find a table of how many employment centers were identified for each metropolitan area for each year. A csv version is available for download from the repository (`csv` link).

1990 2000 2010
ID Name
m10180 Abilene, TX 1 1 1
m10420 Akron, OH 2 3 4
m10500 Albany, GA 1 2 1
m10580 Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY 5 4 3
m10740 Albuquerque, NM 2 1 1
m10780 Alexandria, LA 1 1 1
m10900 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ 6 3 4
m11020 Altoona, PA 1 1 3
m11100 Amarillo, TX 1 1 1
m11180 Ames, IA 1 1 1
m11300 Anderson, IN 2 1 1
m11340 Anderson, SC 1 1 1
m11460 Ann Arbor, MI 1 1 1
m11500 Anniston-Oxford, AL 1 1 1
m11540 Appleton, WI 1 1 1
m11700 Asheville, NC 1 1 2
m12020 Athens-Clarke County, GA 1 1 1
m12060 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA 9 7 9
m12100 Atlantic City, NJ 1 1 1
m12220 Auburn-Opelika, AL 1 1 1
m12260 Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC 2 1 1
m12420 Austin-Round Rock, TX 2 2 2
m12540 Bakersfield, CA 4 2 3
m12580 Baltimore-Towson, MD 6 5 5
m12620 Bangor, ME 1 1 1
m12700 Barnstable Town, MA 2 3 4
m12940 Baton Rouge, LA 2 1 1
m12980 Battle Creek, MI 1 1 1
m13020 Bay City, MI 1 1 1
m13140 Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX 2 2 2
m13380 Bellingham, WA 1 1 1
m13460 Bend, OR 0 1 1
m13740 Billings, MT 1 1 1
m13780 Binghamton, NY 3 2 2
m13820 Birmingham-Hoover, AL 2 2 2
m13900 Bismarck, ND 1 1 1
m13980 Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA 0 1 2
m14020 Bloomington, IN 1 1 1
m14060 Bloomington-Normal, IL 1 1 2
m14260 Boise City-Nampa, ID 1 2 2
m14460 Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH 10 4 3
m14500 Boulder, CO 1 1 2
m14540 Bowling Green, KY 1 1 1
m14740 Bremerton-Silverdale, WA 3 2 2
m14860 Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT 6 5 5
m14980 Bristol, VA 1 1 1
m15180 Brownsville-Harlingen, TX 3 3 3
m15260 Brunswick, GA 0 1 1
m15380 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 4 5 10
m15500 Burlington, NC 1 1 1
m15540 Burlington-South Burlington, VT 1 1 1
m15940 Canton-Massillon, OH 2 1 1
m15980 Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL 1 1 2
m16180 Carson City, NV 1 1 1
m16220 Casper, WY 1 1 1
m16300 Cedar Rapids, IA 1 1 1
m16580 Champaign-Urbana, IL 1 1 1
m16620 Charleston, WV 1 1 1
m16700 Charleston-North Charleston, SC 1 2 1
m16740 Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC 3 1 4
m16820 Charlottesville, VA 1 1 1
m16860 Chattanooga, TN-GA 2 1 2
m16940 Cheyenne, WY 1 1 2
m16980 Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI 18 12 8
m17020 Chico, CA 2 1 1
m17140 Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 3 4 4
m17300 Clarksville, TN-KY 3 3 2
m17420 Cleveland, TN 1 1 1
m17460 Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH 3 9 9
m17660 Coeur d'Alene, ID 0 1 1
m17780 College Station-Bryan, TX 1 1 1
m17820 Colorado Springs, CO 1 2 1
m17860 Columbia, MO 1 1 1
m17900 Columbia, SC 1 1 1
m17980 Columbus, GA-AL 1 1 1
m18020 Columbus, IN 1 1 1
m18140 Columbus, OH 5 7 9
m18580 Corpus Christi, TX 2 2 2
m18700 Corvallis, OR 1 1 1
m19060 Cumberland, MD-WV 1 1 1
m19100 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 11 15 11
m19140 Dalton, GA 1 2 2
m19180 Danville, IL 1 1 1
m19260 Danville, VA 1 1 1
m19340 Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL 2 2 2
m19380 Dayton, OH 3 2 1
m19460 Decatur, AL 1 1 1
m19500 Decatur, IL 1 1 1
m19660 Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL 5 3 3
m19740 Denver-Aurora, CO 4 6 6
m19780 Des Moines, IA 2 1 3
m19820 Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI 18 27 35
m20020 Dothan, AL 1 1 1
m20100 Dover, DE 1 1 1
m20220 Dubuque, IA 1 1 1
m20260 Duluth, MN-WI 2 1 1
m20500 Durham, NC 2 2 2
m20740 Eau Claire, WI 1 1 1
m20940 El Centro, CA 0 1 1
m21060 Elizabethtown, KY 1 1 1
m21140 Elkhart-Goshen, IN 2 1 1
m21300 Elmira, NY 1 1 1
m21340 El Paso, TX 3 1 3
m21500 Erie, PA 2 2 2
m21660 Eugene-Springfield, OR 1 1 1
m21780 Evansville, IN-KY 1 1 1
m22020 Fargo, ND-MN 1 1 1
m22140 Farmington, NM 1 1 1
m22180 Fayetteville, NC 3 1 2
m22220 Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO 2 1 3
m22380 Flagstaff, AZ 1 1 1
m22420 Flint, MI 1 2 3
m22460 Florence, AL 1 1 1
m22500 Florence, SC 1 1 1
m22540 Fond du Lac, WI 1 1 1
m22660 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO 1 1 2
m22900 Fort Smith, AR-OK 1 1 1
m23020 Fort Walton Beach-Crestview-Destin, FL 2 2 4
m23060 Fort Wayne, IN 1 1 1
m23420 Fresno, CA 1 2 2
m23460 Gadsden, AL 1 2 2
m23540 Gainesville, FL 1 1 2
m23580 Gainesville, GA 1 1 1
m24020 Glens Falls, NY 1 1 1
m24140 Goldsboro, NC 1 1 1
m24220 Grand Forks, ND-MN 1 1 1
m24300 Grand Junction, CO 1 1 1
m24340 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI 1 4 5
m24500 Great Falls, MT 1 1 1
m24540 Greeley, CO 1 1 1
m24580 Green Bay, WI 1 1 1
m24660 Greensboro-High Point, NC 5 2 2
m24780 Greenville, NC 2 1 1
m24860 Greenville, SC 2 2 2
m25060 Gulfport-Biloxi, MS 1 2 3
m25180 Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV 1 1 1
m25260 Hanford-Corcoran, CA 0 1 1
m25420 Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA 3 3 2
m25500 Harrisonburg, VA 1 1 1
m25540 Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT 3 7 6
m25620 Hattiesburg, MS 1 1 1
m25860 Hickory-Morganton-Lenoir, NC 1 1 1
m25980 Hinesville-Fort Stewart, GA 1 0 1
m26100 Holland-Grand Haven, MI 3 1 2
m26300 Hot Springs, AR 0 1 1
m26380 Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux, LA 1 1 1
m26420 Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX 10 8 9
m26580 Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH 2 1 1
m26620 Huntsville, AL 1 1 1
m26820 Idaho Falls, ID 1 1 1
m26900 Indianapolis, IN 6 2 5
m26980 Iowa City, IA 1 1 1
m27060 Ithaca, NY 1 1 1
m27100 Jackson, MI 1 1 1
m27140 Jackson, MS 1 2 2
m27180 Jackson, TN 1 1 1
m27260 Jacksonville, FL 3 2 2
m27340 Jacksonville, NC 1 1 1
m27500 Janesville, WI 2 1 1
m27620 Jefferson City, MO 0 1 1
m27740 Johnson City, TN 1 1 1
m27780 Johnstown, PA 3 1 1
m27860 Jonesboro, AR 1 1 1
m27900 Joplin, MO 1 1 1
m28020 Kalamazoo-Portage, MI 1 1 1
m28100 Kankakee-Bradley, IL 1 1 1
m28140 Kansas City, MO-KS 5 5 8
m28420 Kennewick-Richland-Pasco, WA 2 2 1
m28660 Killeen-Temple-Fort Hood, TX 2 2 2
m28700 Kingsport-Bristol, TN-VA 1 1 2
m28740 Kingston, NY 2 1 1
m28940 Knoxville, TN 1 2 2
m29020 Kokomo, IN 1 1 1
m29100 La Crosse, WI-MN 1 1 1
m29140 Lafayette, IN 1 1 1
m29180 Lafayette, LA 1 1 1
m29340 Lake Charles, LA 1 1 1
m29460 Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL 2 2 3
m29540 Lancaster, PA 2 1 1
m29620 Lansing-East Lansing, MI 2 2 2
m29700 Laredo, TX 1 1 1
m29740 Las Cruces, NM 1 1 1
m29820 Las Vegas-Paradise, NV 1 3 5
m29940 Lawrence, KS 1 1 1
m30020 Lawton, OK 1 1 2
m30140 Lebanon, PA 0 1 1
m30300 Lewiston, ID-WA 0 0 0
m30340 Lewiston-Auburn, ME 1 1 1
m30460 Lexington-Fayette, KY 1 2 1
m30620 Lima, OH 2 1 1
m30700 Lincoln, NE 1 1 1
m30780 Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR 1 1 2
m30860 Logan, UT-ID 1 1 1
m30980 Longview, TX 1 1 1
m31020 Longview-Kelso, WA 1 1 1
m31100 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA 42 43 54
m31140 Louisville, KY-IN 5 3 2
m31180 Lubbock, TX 1 2 1
m31340 Lynchburg, VA 2 2 2
m31420 Macon, GA 1 1 1
m31460 Madera, CA 0 1 1
m31540 Madison, WI 1 1 1
m31700 Manchester-Nashua, NH 2 2 2
m31900 Mansfield, OH 1 1 1
m32580 McAllen-Edinburg-Pharr, TX 2 1 1
m32780 Medford, OR 1 3 2
m32820 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 3 4 1
m32900 Merced, CA 1 1 1
m33100 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL 8 14 9
m33140 Michigan City-La Porte, IN 1 1 0
m33260 Midland, TX 1 1 1
m33340 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI 3 7 6
m33460 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 8 5 6
m33540 Missoula, MT 1 1 1
m33660 Mobile, AL 2 1 1
m33700 Modesto, CA 1 2 4
m33740 Monroe, LA 1 1 1
m33780 Monroe, MI 2 1 1
m33860 Montgomery, AL 1 1 1
m34060 Morgantown, WV 0 1 1
m34100 Morristown, TN 0 1 1
m34580 Mount Vernon-Anacortes, WA 0 1 1
m34620 Muncie, IN 1 2 2
m34740 Muskegon-Norton Shores, MI 1 1 1
m34820 Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC 0 1 1
m34900 Napa, CA 1 1 1
m34940 Naples-Marco Island, FL 1 2 1
m34980 Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro, TN 4 3 4
m35300 New Haven-Milford, CT 4 2 3
m35380 New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA 9 7 7
m35620 New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA 28 25 23
m35660 Niles-Benton Harbor, MI 3 4 4
m35980 Norwich-New London, CT 3 2 3
m36100 Ocala, FL 1 1 1
m36140 Ocean City, NJ 1 2 2
m36220 Odessa, TX 1 1 1
m36260 Ogden-Clearfield, UT 2 1 3
m36420 Oklahoma City, OK 4 6 3
m36500 Olympia, WA 1 1 3
m36540 Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA 2 4 8
m36740 Orlando, FL 2 6 5
m36780 Oshkosh-Neenah, WI 1 1 1
m36980 Owensboro, KY 1 1 1
m37100 Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA 2 7 6
m37340 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL 5 3 4
m37460 Panama City-Lynn Haven, FL 1 1 1
m37620 Parkersburg-Marietta, WV-OH 2 1 2
m37700 Pascagoula, MS 1 1 2
m37860 Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL 2 2 2
m37900 Peoria, IL 2 1 1
m37980 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD 23 14 9
m38060 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ 12 12 14
m38220 Pine Bluff, AR 1 1 1
m38300 Pittsburgh, PA 10 9 11
m38340 Pittsfield, MA 1 1 1
m38540 Pocatello, ID 1 1 1
m38860 Portland-South Portland, ME 1 1 1
m38900 Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA 2 3 7
m38940 Port St. Lucie-Fort Pierce, FL 2 2 3
m39100 Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY 3 4 5
m39140 Prescott, AZ 1 1 2
m39300 Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA 11 11 8
m39340 Provo-Orem, UT 1 1 2
m39380 Pueblo, CO 3 1 2
m39460 Punta Gorda, FL 2 1 1
m39540 Racine, WI 1 1 4
m39580 Raleigh-Cary, NC 1 1 2
m39660 Rapid City, SD 1 2 1
m39740 Reading, PA 1 1 3
m39820 Redding, CA 1 1 1
m39900 Reno-Sparks, NV 1 1 1
m40060 Richmond, VA 1 3 3
m40140 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA 8 16 24
m40220 Roanoke, VA 1 1 1
m40340 Rochester, MN 1 1 1
m40380 Rochester, NY 3 3 2
m40420 Rockford, IL 1 2 2
m40580 Rocky Mount, NC 0 1 1
m40660 Rome, GA 1 1 1
m40900 Sacramento--Arden-Arcade--Roseville, CA 2 3 5
m40980 Saginaw-Saginaw Township North, MI 1 1 1
m41060 St. Cloud, MN 1 1 1
m41100 St. George, UT 1 1 1
m41140 St. Joseph, MO-KS 2 1 1
m41180 St. Louis, MO-IL 9 5 7
m41420 Salem, OR 1 2 2
m41500 Salinas, CA 3 3 4
m41540 Salisbury, MD 0 1 1
m41620 Salt Lake City, UT 2 3 1
m41660 San Angelo, TX 1 1 2
m41700 San Antonio, TX 6 3 4
m41740 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA 9 10 12
m41780 Sandusky, OH 0 2 1
m41860 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA 3 2 3
m41940 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 4 6 7
m42020 San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA 1 1 2
m42060 Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Goleta, CA 1 1 1
m42100 Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA 2 1 2
m42140 Santa Fe, NM 1 1 1
m42220 Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA 1 3 2
m42260 Sarasota-Bradenton-Venice, FL 3 3 3
m42340 Savannah, GA 2 1 1
m42540 Scranton--Wilkes-Barre, PA 2 3 3
m42660 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 5 7 8
m43100 Sheboygan, WI 1 1 2
m43300 Sherman-Denison, TX 1 1 0
m43340 Shreveport-Bossier City, LA 1 1 1
m43580 Sioux City, IA-NE-SD 1 1 1
m43620 Sioux Falls, SD 2 1 1
m43780 South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI 1 1 1
m43900 Spartanburg, SC 1 1 2
m44060 Spokane, WA 1 2 2
m44100 Springfield, IL 1 1 1
m44140 Springfield, MA 2 3 3
m44180 Springfield, MO 1 1 1
m44220 Springfield, OH 1 1 1
m44300 State College, PA 1 1 1
m44700 Stockton, CA 2 3 3
m44940 Sumter, SC 0 1 2
m45060 Syracuse, NY 2 1 1
m45220 Tallahassee, FL 1 1 1
m45300 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 14 11 18
m45460 Terre Haute, IN 2 1 1
m45500 Texarkana, TX-Texarkana, AR 1 1 1
m45780 Toledo, OH 5 4 5
m45820 Topeka, KS 2 2 1
m45940 Trenton-Ewing, NJ 1 1 1
m46060 Tucson, AZ 3 2 1
m46140 Tulsa, OK 4 1 1
m46220 Tuscaloosa, AL 1 1 1
m46340 Tyler, TX 1 1 1
m46540 Utica-Rome, NY 2 1 1
m46660 Valdosta, GA 1 1 1
m46700 Vallejo-Fairfield, CA 4 3 4
m46940 Vero Beach, FL 1 1 1
m47020 Victoria, TX 1 1 1
m47220 Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton, NJ 2 1 0
m47260 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC 5 10 8
m47300 Visalia-Porterville, CA 2 2 2
m47380 Waco, TX 1 1 1
m47580 Warner Robins, GA 1 1 1
m47900 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV 7 6 13
m47940 Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA 1 3 3
m48140 Wausau, WI 1 1 1
m48260 Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH 3 3 3
m48300 Wenatchee, WA 1 1 1
m48540 Wheeling, WV-OH 1 1 1
m48620 Wichita, KS 1 2 2
m48660 Wichita Falls, TX 2 3 3
m48700 Williamsport, PA 1 1 1
m48900 Wilmington, NC 1 1 1
m49020 Winchester, VA-WV 2 1 1
m49180 Winston-Salem, NC 1 1 1
m49340 Worcester, MA 2 1 1
m49420 Yakima, WA 1 2 2
m49620 York-Hanover, PA 1 2 3
m49660 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA 2 2 4
m49700 Yuba City-Marysville, CA 1 1 1
m49740 Yuma, AZ 1 1 1